Karlsson’s team, based in SciLifeLab, are integrating experimental models, computational analyses, and advanced technology with epidemiological research. Their goal? To understand how pollutants like hormone disruptors, pesticides, metals, air pollutants, and pharmaceuticals impact the health of animals and humans.

"The more we rely on synthetic chemicals, the less we know about their negative impacts. This ignorance poses a significant threat to wildlife and humans alike," says Karlsson. He emphasizes the critical link between human- and planetary health, advocating for a paradigm shift in societal approaches.

Effects of chemical exposure across multiple generations

A lesser-known aspect of chemical exposure is its transgenerational effects. Karlsson's recent research, funded by the European Research Council, reveals how chemical effects pass from fathers to children and grandchildren. These effects, stored in the sperm cell tissues, include not only genetic material but also epigenetic information reflecting the parents' exposure to toxins.

Assistant Professor Oskar Karlsson. Photo: SciLifeLab

"The risks associated with paternal exposure have been grossly overlooked. The focus has largely been on maternal exposure during pregnancy. We now understand that a healthy lifestyle for future fathers is just as crucial," Karlsson remarks.

The team is also exploring the impacts on the metabolic and immune systems. Changes in immune defense can increase the risk of allergies, rheumatism, and even affect vaccine efficacy, potentially leading to a higher cancer risk.

Karlsson is particularly interested in epigenetic inheritance linked to chemical exposure, planning to focus his career on this area. "It's not just about inheritance; there's an evolutionary aspect to this. Rapid environmental adaptation could be advantageous, but in today's world, it might disadvantage future generations, altering their metabolic or immune systems, or predisposing them to diseases not present in their genetic makeup."

Focus on molecular toxicology

Beyond epigenetics, the group is delving into molecular toxicology, examining direct effects of chemicals on hormonal regulation and other vital bodily functions. They are pioneering new testing methods that move away from animal testing, using human stem cell-based models to simulate various diseases and exposure levels.

Ultimately, Karlsson aims to enhance understanding of environmental impacts on health and improve chemical testing methods. "Understanding the dangers helps us mitigate them. Removing hazardous chemicals from the environment or reducing side effects of essential medications like cancer treatments remains our dual objective," Karlsson concludes.

More about Oskar Karlsson's research