Research project FORCE – Facilitating Ocean Recovery in a Changing climatE

The transdisciplinary FORCE project will identify the most effective management actions for reversing biodiversity loss and increasing resilience to climate change of the Baltic Sea coast.
Östersjön

Photo: Peter W Eriksson/Mostphotos

United Nations has pledged to protect ⅓ of all land and sea and restore ⅕ of degraded ecosystems by 2030. Meeting this urgent challenge, however, requires identifying and breaking ecological and societal barriers that hinder the implementation of effective actions that also increase adaptation to climate change.

The transdisciplinary FORCE project will in collaboration with stakeholders identify the most effective management actions for reversing biodiversity loss and increasing resilience to climate change of the Baltic Sea coast. This ecosystem is increasingly pressured by a spatially propagating sea-to-coast regime shift involving overfishing, habitat loss and accelerated warming.

We will

i) combine 40 years of biodiversity, societal and climate data to assess how climate change and local pressures have contributed to the Baltic coastal regime shift,

ii) use a Living Labs stakeholder engagement approach to identify effective measures and the social-ecological and legal barriers that hinder, and opportunities that enable, their large-scale implementation,

iii) test if protection and restoration of food webs can reverse the regime shift, and

iv) explore data- and expert-driven scenarios of near-future climate and biodiversity management, to assess the potential for true ecosystem-based management to increase adaptation to, and mitigation of, climate change.

Our Living Lab helps facilitate rapid spread of results to governing bodies, policy organizations and society.

Stockholm University Baltic Sea Centre

FORCE investigates how sticklebacks affect coasts and climate

Large predatory fish have become harder to find in the coastal bays of the Baltic Sea, which are now dominated by sticklebacks. Many of these bays have also become more turbid and show signs of severe eutrophication. Scientists have seen this shift spread from the open sea to coastal environments and are now looking for explanations as to why this has happened and whether it could contribute to unforeseen climate impacts. In one of the largest field sampling programmes of the year, the FORCE project map changes and how best to restore coastal predatory fish stocks and biodiversity. From Västervik to Östhammar, the composition of fish species, plants and algae living in 32 different bays will be analysed. In addition, samples of nutrient levels and plankton will reveal the water quality in these areas.  The sampling station at Krysshamnsviken in the Stockholm archipelago is a hive of activity, with several fishing nets being thoroughly sorted and rinsed on the adjacent boat jetty and beach, while samples are collected by divers and assistants in a rib boat out in the bay. Krysshamnsviken is one of 32 sites that FORCE researchers surveyed in 2014 to investigate the relationship between fish species, vegetation and water quality. Now, 10 years later, they are back to see how these have developed. " These bays are very different. They have different amounts of predatory fish and sticklebacks, as well as different levels of protection from fishing. The number of seals and cormorants in these areas also vary. In total, this gives us a better picture of the causes and possible measures, such as fishing closures, to improve the environmental status," says Johan Eklöf, Professor in Marine Ecology at the Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences at Stockholm University and project leader for FORCE.   Link between sticklebacks and climate change The decline in predatory fish such as pike and perch and the increase in sticklebacks is affecting many natural values. The situation has contributed to turbid bays with more filamentous algae and severe symptoms of eutrophication. More predatory fish help to keep water areas clean and clear, and could counteract these symptoms. The researchers are now trying to find out whether stronger populations also could be linked to climate effects. " We will investigate whether areas with a lot of predatory fish are better at storing carbon than areas dominated by sticklebacks, where carbon turnover is higher," says Johan Eklöf.

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