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Elena ChitiUniversitetslektor

Publikationer

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  • Unsettling History: How an Egyptian Conspiracy Theory Turns Time into Place

    2023. Elena Chiti. Theory Conspiracy, 41-62

    Kapitel

    As Matthew Gray shows, the conspiracy theories that spread, from below, in the Arab world often stem from a gap between state and society. This may result in an attempt of some citizens to deconstruct history beyond official narratives, thus empowering themselves as masters of the interpretation of the past.

    This chapter investigates a conspiracy theory linked to Egyptian history. At its core, we find the case of Rayyā and Sakīna, a criminal case of 1920–1921, still presents in the Egyptian collective memory. In recent years, both cultural actors and ordinary citizens have presented conspiracist interpretations of the case, turning the criminal myth into a bandit myth.

    The common feature of such revisionist attempts is a distrust of historical research and written documents. Strong emphasis is put on pictures, yet visual sources, deprived of context, become a tool to elicit emotional reactions, instead of being investigated as archival pieces. In parallel, bloggers and journalists frantically search for eyewitnesses. The acknowledgment of the impossibility of finding any, after one century, does not restore the legitimacy of historical research. In their quest for authenticity, these actors switch from time to place. They go to visit the Alexandrian district where the crimes once occurred, taking some “elderly people” – 70-year-old men – as truth keepers of a case that was closed before they were even born.

    Through social media, official media, and fieldwork sources, this paper seeks to investigate what conspiracy theories do to history as a discipline and, ultimately, to its pretention to scientific truth.

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  • National Robin Hoods and Local Avengers

    2021. Elena Chiti. Journal of Historical Sociology 34 (3), 517-534

    Artikel

    The article examines bandit myths from a socio-historical perspective, as part of the socio-cultural reality of present-day Egypt. It engages in the semiotics of banditry encouraged by Stephanie Cronin by taking a first step towards a social semiotics analysis of Rayyā and Sakīna, the two Egyptian female criminals par excellence, arrested in 1920 and executed in 1921. I will argue that Rayyā and Sakīna's criminal myth is currently being resignified in terms that can be conceived of as social banditry. Ethnography, press, and broadcast sources help to highlight two different recent shifts towards bandit myths, linked respectively to national and local circulation.

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  • Building a National Case in Interwar Egypt

    2020. Elena Chiti. History Compass 18 (2)

    Artikel

    In November 1920, the Alexandria police arrested two sisters, Raya and Sakina, along with their husbands and others, and charged them with the murder of seventeen women. At the end of a trial held in May 1921, the judges sentenced to death six members of the gang, yet it was Raya and Sakina who monopolized public attention as the first women sentenced to death in the Egyptian secular justice system. A century later, they are still alive in the Egyptian collective memory, which has turned them into a long-lasting criminal myth and remembers them as former prostitutes, madams, and female murderers. Previous studies seem to see the myth as resulting from the supposedly exceptional character of the case. This paper is a first step toward exploring how this exceptionality was constructed and how it took on a national dimension after the announcement of Raya and Sakina's arrest. The focus is on al-Ahram, the main national daily newspaper at the time, which covered the issue systematically, providing information on the investigation while building the case in national terms. A micro-historic approach to al-Ahram will enable a deconstruction of exceptionality through comparison with a precedent. An analysis incorporating both the precedent and Raya and Sakina's case will lead to a first hypothesis about the longevity of Raya and Sakina's case and the disappearance of the precedent from the Egyptian collective memory. This perspective offers insight into the connection between the press, public morality, and nation-building in interwar Egypt, linking textual and extra-textual realities and shedding light on the local aspects that make the nation. Indeed, the organization of al-Ahram in the provinces may be seen as a key factor in revealing what attracts national attention and what remains confined to a local dimension.

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