Lignins – the complex molecules that make plants sturdy and allow them to grow tall – are not as random as once thought. A new international study led by Prof. Edouard Pesquet at Stockholm University uncovers how lignins’ chemistry and structure vary between cell types to meet plants’ physiological needs. The paper, published as a Tansley Review in the journal New Phytologist, highlights how this molecular diversity has been key to plants’ success on land.