I urval från Stockholms universitets publikationsdatabas

• The GDPR and Processing of Personal Data for Research Purposes

  2021. Jane Reichel. European Public Law 27 (1), 167-190

  Artikel

  Case law regularly includes personal data on identifiable persons, often of a rather sensitive nature. This makes the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) relevant. However, the processing of personal data in case law has until recently not been questioned from the point of view of data protection of the individuals concerned. The Court of Justice of the European Union has taken steps ensure such protection for individuals appearing before the courts. Sweden has chosen another path. As transparency is a highly treasured in Sweden, including transparency in the judiciary, restricting access to the full verdict is sensitive. Instead, the processing of personal data has been restricted in a certain areas, such as research. In order to fulfill the requirements for an ‘appropriate safeguard’ under Article 89 GDPR, an ethical approval is needed for all research on specific categories of sensitive personal data, with no exception for publicly-available official documents like case law. The question posed is how the interest in protection of personal data retrieved from case law can be reconciled with the interest in transparency of the judicial process. It is concluded that even though requirements for an ethical approval of legal research hardly can be seen as a relevant ‘appropriate safeguard’, it cannot be denied that there is a legitimate interest of identifiable persons in case law to have their rights in personal data at least considered. Courts should therefore be stronger in elucidating when and why transparency is of overriding importance, and when and why data protection and the interest of secrecy should prevail.

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• GDPR and Biobanking

  2021. Santa Slokenberga, Olga Tzortzatou, Jane Reichel.

  Bok (red)

  This open access book focuses on the discrepancies in biobank research regulations that are among the most significant hurdles to effective research collaboration. The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) has established stringent requirements for the processing of health and genetic data, while simultaneously allowing considerable multi-level exceptions for the purposes of scientific research. In addition to directly applicable exceptions, the GDPR places the regulatory responsibility for further defining how the Member States strike a balance between the individuals' rights and the public interest in research within their national legal orders. Since Member States' approaches to the trade-off between data subjects' rights on the one hand, and appropriate safeguards on the other, differ according to their ethical and legal traditions, their data protection requirements for research also differ considerably.

  This study takes a comprehensive approach to determine how the GDPR affects regulatory regimes on the use of personal data in biobanking research, with a particular focus on the balance between individuals' rights, public interest and scientific research. In this regard, it has two main goals: first, to scrutinize the GDPR research regime, its objective and constitutive elements, the impact it has on biobanking, and its role in a changing EU landscape post-Brexit; and second, to examine how various exceptions have been operationalized nationally, and what challenges and opportunities this diversification entails. The book not only captures the complexity GDPR creates for biobanking, but also sheds light on various approaches to tackling the corresponding challenges. It offers the first comprehensive analysis of GDPR for biobanking, and the most up-to-date overview of the national biobank regulatory frameworks in Europe.

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• Swedish Law on Personal Data in Biobank Research

  2021. Magnus Stenbeck, Sonja Eaker Fält, Jane Reichel. GDPR and Biobanking, 379-394

  Kapitel

  This chapter describes the regulatory and organisational infrastructure of biobank research in Sweden, and how the introduction of the GDPR affects the possibilities to use biobank material in future research. The Swedish legislator has chosen a rather minimalistic approach in relation to the research exception in Article 89 GDPR and has only enacted limited general exceptions to the data protection rules. This may be partly explained by the comprehensive right to public access to official documents which gives researchers vast access to information held in registries, albeit conditioned on abiding by secrecy and confidentiality rules. The Swedish legislation implementing the GDPR includes a general exception from the data protection rules in relation to the right to access to official documents, which researchers also benefit from. However, confidentiality rules for different categories of information differ between sectors, which hinders an effective use of the registries in research. The regulatory regime for using biobank and registry data in Sweden thus involves both data protection and secrecy rules, which makes the legal landscape permissible but complex. The operationalisation of the research exception in Article 89 GDPR is analysed against this background. Special attention is given to the possibility to link personal information derived from biobanks with personal information from other data sources, including large national population based statistical registries as well as information from national clinical registers.

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• Allocation of Regulatory Responsibilities

  2021. Jane Reichel. GDPR and Biobanking, 421-434

  Kapitel

  In this chapter, an analysis is undertaken of the division of legislative power in the space created by the GDPR, regarding the balancing of individual rights, the public interest and biobank research. The legislative competences of the EU, international obligations within bioethics, and the regulatory space left for Member States are all examined. The conclusion of the chapter is that in spite of the aim of the GDPR to further legal harmonisation, it is more likely that unity will be brought about through administrative cooperation and soft law tools.

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• Openness and Transparency

  2020. Jane Reichel. The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Administrative Law, 935-956

  Kapitel

  This chapter considers how the increased interest in access to official documents on the public international law level relates to the challenges posed to domestic laws with re­ spect to transparency. It asks if international developments of greater access can com­ pensate for the loss of transparency at the national level brought about by the de-nation­ alization of domestic law, and if so, how. Swedish domestic law is chosen as the case ex­ ample here. The chapter provides an introductory overview of openness and transparency as a constitutional and administrative value in Sweden. Next, it examines openness and transparency in a global context. Transparency as a human right and also as an ideal for international organizations is then addressed. The chapter concludes with a comparative analysis.

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• The Pan-European General Principles of Good Administration in Sweden - Undeniable but Partial Vehicles of Change

  2020. Jane Reichel. Good Administraion and the Council of Europe, 257-274

  Kapitel

  It is today evident that the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) has had a fundamental impact on the Swedish legal order as a whole, including constitutional and administrative law. Perhaps the most important change is the understanding of individual rights in the Swedish legal order. Swedish courts are today more frequently and with greater self-esteem upholding fundamental rights based in the Swedish constitution, the ECHR and EU law. This development has, however, been neither linear nor without friction. With regard to general administrative law the impact can be described as patchy. Some areas have undergone radical changes, where longstanding traditions of Swedish administrative law have been abandoned, whereas other areas have remained more or less intact. The main conclusion of this chapter is thus that the impact of the ECHR and other Council of Europe (CoE) instruments has been undeniable but partial, and to a certain extent hidden.

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• Förvaltning och EU:s datasskydd

  2020. Jane Reichel, Anna-Sara Lind. Den svenska förvaltningsmodellen, 258-285

  Kapitel

  I fokus för detta bidrag står den förvaltningsrättsliga regleringen av EU:s dataskydd, vilken för medlemsstaternas del huvudsakligen finns i dataskyddsdirektivet. En av de största utmaningarna i sammanhanget är den genuint gränslösa hanteringen av personuppgifter på Internet. Efterfrågan på gränsöverskridande förvaltningslösningar är därför stort. Den föreslagna uppgiftsskyddsförordningen, som är tänkt att ersätta dataskyddsdirektivet, innehåller flera mekanismer avsedda att länka ihop medlemsstaternas förvaltningsmyndigheter och därmed underlätta handläggning av ärenden av gränsöverskridande karaktär. Frågan som ställs här är hur det påverkar de svenska förvaltningsmyndigheternas roll och deras relation till regeringen och till riksdagen. Hur påverkas regeringens förutsättningar att styra förvaltningsmyndigheterna, när dessa agerar utanför landets gränser?  Hur påverkas riksdagens möjlighet att kontrollera regeringen och i förlängningen förvaltningen? Artikeln avslutas med en kortare diskussion om alternativa modeller för styrning och kontroll inom den europeiska sammansatta förvaltningen.

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• What is it the public has a right to know? The right to privacy for public officials and the right of access to official documents – European and Swedish perspectives

  2020. Jane Reichel. Comparative Privacy and Defamation, 112-129

  Kapitel

  When a person acts as an official in the public domain, the person is generally viewed differently than a person acting in the private domain. An official does not act in a private capacity, but as a spokesperson or a tool for the public organ. How does the official as a person fit into this picture? The question asked in this chapter is what the public has a right to know in relation to official documents containing personal data of an official. While transparency can shed light on the internal functioning of a public organ, enabling a control that matters are handled correctly, objectively and impartially, public documents may also include private information on public officials. A comparison is made on how the European Convention on Human Rights, EU law and Swedish law balance the right to privacy of officials with the right to access of official documents.

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• Allmänna handlingar och offentliga befattningshavares rätt till privatliv

  2020. Jane Reichel. Ord och rätt, 451-479

  Kapitel

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• Sanctions Against Individuals and the Rule of Law

  2020. Jane Reichel. The European Union and the Return of the Nation State, 191-217

  Kapitel

  This chapter takes the question of how to guarantee the rule of law within the scope of application of Union law. The rule of law in this context requires, according to the author, that the exercise of public power is constrained and possible to hold accountable through principles of legality and legal certainty, as well as constitutional guarantees for the protection of fundamental rights. The overarching question addressed in the chapter is this: who is it—the Union or the member states—that ultimately guarantees the rule of law and the protection of fundamental rights when sanctions against individuals are decided within the ambit of European Union (EU) law? Can the member states actually rely on the EU to guarantee that decisions which may subject individuals to sanctions are made on a secure basis?

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• Tjugofem år av Europarätt i Sverige

  2020. Jane Reichel, Karin Åhman.

  Rapport

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• EU data transfer rules and African legal realities

  2019. Santa Slokenberga (et al.).

  Artikel

  Key Points

  • To effectively collaborate in biobanking and build capacity in low and middle-income countries, data transfer from European Union (EU) Member States to states in Africa is crucial.

  • Although under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) avenues for data transfer exist, the ones feasible for transcontinental data exchange for biobank research rely on EU enforcement which in essence means limited oversight possibilities and, consequently, considerable risks to the EU data subject’s privacy.

  • To ensure effective data protection for data subjects in biobanking, raising the data protection bar in data recipient countries is crucial. Although Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, and Uganda have taken considerable steps towards developing data protection frameworks, only that of South Africa and Nigeria’s Protection of Personal Information Bill seem to be such to meet the protection level set out by the GDPR. The legislative initiatives in Kenya and Uganda require revisions to ensure that protection of privacy is not undermined when data are being sent to these countries.

  • Currently, considerable responsibility is placed in the hands of the legislatures in the countries of concern—and notably in Kenya, and Uganda—to set foundations for ending research and research integrity-harming practices. In Nigeria, these foundations are defined in the Protection of Personal Information Bill, but not adopted yet. South Africa, however, has taken a big step towards building routes for genuine biobank capacity-building in the country and collaboration in that regard.

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• Offentlighet i en globaliserad värld

  2019. Jane Reichel. Festskrift till Wiweka Warnling Conradson, 335-376

  Kapitel

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• Rättstatsprincipen och sanktioner mot enskilda - kan medlemsstaterna låta EU bestämma?

  2019. Jane Reichel. EU och nationalstatens återkomst, 217-245

  Kapitel

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• The Relationship Between Damages and Administrative Fines in the EU General Data Protection Regulation

  2019. Johanna Chamberlain, Jane Reichel.

  Rapport

  Two purposes of the GDPR are to provide effective remedies for ensuring extensive personal data rights and to change practices and policies of controllers and processors so that they become more aware of privacy protection. Article 58 GDPR lays down the investigative and corrective powers of the national supervisory authorities, such as issuing warnings or imposing new administrative fines. Article 79 GDPR states that every data subject whose rights according to the regulation have been infringed shall have access to an effective remedy. The two measures in focus here are those with the largest economic impact: Article 82 on damages and Article 83 on administrative fines. These articles target different areas and subjects – while the first has a compensatory purpose and is designed for use by individuals, the second has a preventive character and is implemented by Data Protection Authorities vis-á-vis controllers and processors. Considering these two profiles, an interesting question arises: Why are the provisions of Article 83 for imposing fines on companies and organisations so detailed, while the wording of Article 82 and hence the liability for controllers and processors is open to interpretation? What does this difference lead to in the application of the regulation, and more precisely, is it likely that the development in regards to administrative fines could spill over to the application of rules on damages?

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• The Swedish Understanding of Privacy as a Fundamental Right in a Comparative Perspective — Overview and Possibilities

  2019. Johanna Chamberlain, Jane Reichel. Comparative Perspectives on Privacy in an Internet Era, 85-112

  Kapitel

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• The rule of law in the twilight zone

  2019. Jane Reichel. Administrative Law, Administrative Structures and Administrative Decisionmaking

  Kapitel

  In this article, I focus on the area of administrative sanctions within the European composite administration. Many pieces of secondary EU law contain requirements that member states are to provide effective deterrent measures in order to uphold respect for the material EU law provisions, but leave to the member states to apply their own rules on administrative sanctions. The practice of referring questions of sanctions to national law is a consequence of the reluctance displayed by the member states to hand over their sanctioning powers to the EU.Underthe case law of the European Court of Human Rights, administrative sanctions can on certain conditions be defined as criminal charges according to Article 6 of the European Convention of Human Rights, and must be handled accordingly. TheCourt of Justice of the European Union, CJEU, has followed thiscase law.The principle of legality is central in relation to criminal charges and penalties, a notion that is also acknowledged in Article 49 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights (EU Charter). By leaving the matter of regulating administrative sanctions to the member states, the sanctions can be applied under one comprehensive set of rules, within the legal system of the member state. However, according to well-established case law, member states are obliged to ensure that sanctions for infringements of provisions of union law are “effective, proportionate and dissuasive”. Further, the CJEU has on several occasions held that the general principles of EU law, as well as the EU Charter, are also applicable to national laws of sanction. In more recent secondary legislation, for example the General Data Protection Regulation, the EU has enacted rules that regulate how national laws on sanctions are to be applied. Even this area of the European composite administration is thereby becoming more integrated. 

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• Public Access or Data Protection as a Guiding Principle in the EU's Composite Administration?

  2018. Jane Reichel. Scandinavian Studies in Law 65, 285-308

  Artikel

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• Europeiska principer för god förvaltning och 2017 års förvaltningslag

  2018. Jane Reichel. Förvaltningsrättslig Tidskrift (3), 423-441

  Artikel

  I artikeln behandlas införandet av en ny rubrik om ”grunderna för god förvaltning” i 2017 års FL, under vilken centrala rättsstatliga principer samt regler för service, tillgänglighet och samverkan har samlats. Principen om god förvaltning är sedan lång tid etablerad inom EU-rätten och förekommer även i dokument från Europarådet samt i viss utsträckning inom Europadomstolens praxis. I artikeln analyseras frågan hur den svenska versionen med ”grunderna för god förvaltning” förhåller sig till de europeiska principerna, vad gäller såväl innehåll som funktion av standard eller utkrävbar rättighet. I vad mån kan EU-domstolens senare praxis avseende tillämpningen av principen om god förvaltning på nationell nivå inverka på hur FL tolkas och tillämpas? Analysen görs mot bakgrund av de syften som reformen av FL har avsett att uppfylla, att stärka enskildas rättssäkerhet, införa ett mer heltäckande förfarande och att göra lagen mer lättillgänglig.

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• Svensk livsmedelspolitik i EU

  2008. Jane Reichel.

  Rapport

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• Statsrättens grunder, 2 uppl

  2007. Wiweka Warnling-Nerep, Annika Lagerqvist Veloz Roca, Jane Reichel.

  Kapitel

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• Svenska myndigheter som EU-myndigheter

  2007. Jane Reichel. Juridisk tidskrift jubileumshäfte, 103-112

  Artikel

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• Between Supremacy and Autonomy

  2008. Jane Reichel. General Principles of European Community. Law in a Process of Development

  Kapitel

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• A New Proposal for a Regulation on Mutual Recognition of Goods - Towards a Harmonized Administrative Order?

  2007. Jane Reichel.

  Rapport

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• Codification of Administrative Law in Sweden

  2023. Michaela Ribbing, Jane Reichel. Codification of Administrative Law, 241-270

  Kapitel

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• Kreativitet, strategi och etik i rättsvetenskap

  2023. Pernilla Leviner, Frantzeska Papadopoulou Skarp, Jane Reichel.

  Bok

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• La regulación de la automatización de la Administración Pública Sueca: [Regulating automation of Swedish Public Administration]

  2023. Jane Reichel. Revista General de Derecho Administrativo 2023 (63)

  Artikel

  Digitalization of the Swedish administration has been the center of attention for the Government and legislator for decades, with the explicit goal of being the "best in the world" at using the possibilities of digitalization. The Swedish public authorities were early adapters and have utilized automated decision-making procedures since the 1970’s. The effects on two areas central to Swedish constitutional and administrative law are addressed here: general administrative law, with a focus on administrative decision-making, and transparency rules and access to documents. The regulatory responses in the two areas differ. While concerns regarding the negative effects of digitalization on access to documents prompted the Swedish legislator to include digital recordings among documents encompassed by the right to access already in the 1970s, general administrative law has been adapted to a very limited extent. The Government has over the years commissioned several governmental enquiries on technical, societal, and legal challenges of digitalization of the administration, but the main conclusions in regard to the suitability of automated decision-making have been left to the administration and the courts. Two reasons can be identified. First, it has been a longstanding aim that administrative procedural rules are to be technology-neutral, in order not to become obsolete through future developments. Second, administrative authorities hold a strong and partially independent position in the Swedish constitutional setting, combined with a tradition of pragmatism. Authorities can thus be trusted to perform their decision-making in accordance with the law, whether the procedures are carried out manually, digitally, or by automated means. Swedish courts have thus far refrained from intervening. Still, it is clear that the Swedish administrative law landscape in automated decision-making contains several central lacunas, which ought to be filled in order to safeguard the principle of good administration and the rule of law.

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• Regulating Automation of Swedish Public Administration

  2023. Jane Reichel. CERIDAP 2023 (1), 75-94

  Artikel

  Digitalization of the Swedish administration has been the center of attention for the Government and legislator for decades, with the explicit goal of being the «best in the world» at using the possibilities of digitalization. The Swedish public authorities were early adapters and have utilized automated decision-making procedures since the 1970’s. The effects on two areas central to Swedish constitutional and administrative law are addressed here: general administrative law, with a focus on administrative decision-making, and transparency rules and access to documents. The regulatory responses in the two areas differ. While concerns regarding the negative effects of digitalization on access to documents prompted the Swedish legislator to include digital recordings among documents encompassed by the right to access already in the 1970s, general administrative law has been adapted to a very limited extent. The Government has over the years commissioned several governmental enquiries on technical, societal, and legal challenges of digitalization of the administration, but the main conclusions in regard to the suitability of automated decision-making have been left to the administration and the courts. Two reasons can be identified. First, it has been a longstanding aim that administrative procedural rules are to be technology-neutral, in order not to become obsolete through future developments. Second, administrative authorities hold a strong and partially independent position in the Swedish constitutional setting, combined with a tradition of pragmatism. Authorities can thus be trusted to perform their decision-making in accordance with the law, whether the procedures are carried out manually, digitally, or by automated means. Swedish courts have thus far refrained from intervening. Still, it is clear that the Swedish administrative law landscape in automated decision-making contains several central lacunas, which ought to be filled in order to safeguard the principle of good administration and the rule of law.

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• Rule of Law

  2023. .

  Bok (red)

  Rule of Law as a legal concept has been highly debated in the past decade, not least due to the current backslide in democratic ideals being witnessed in Europe and globally. While the Rule of Law is the backbone on which the modern state and its apparatus is built, what the concept actually entails remains rather unclear. Even non-democratic legal cultures often proclaim their adherence to the Rule of Law. In addition, it is an unsolved dilemma whether Rule of Law is the same or overlaps with the idea of Rechtsstaat. In this sixty-ninth volume in the series, Scandinavian Studies in Law, scholars from the Nordic countries reflect on whether and how the recent societal developments have affected the concept of Rule of Law within their respective fields. A recurring theme in the contributions is that the current Rule of Law debate has affected the Nordic legal orders not merely within individual legal fields, but in a more structural manner.

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• Supervision of Artificial Intelligence in the EU and the Protection of Privacy

  2023. Johanna Chamberlain, Jane Reichel. FIU Law Review 17 (2), 267-285

  Artikel

  In this paper, the supervisory regime in the proposed EU General Regulation on AI will be analyzed, with the aim to critically assess the role of supervisory authorities with regards to AI systems in safeguarding both the development of AI systems and protecting democratic and individualrights. As with other supervisory structure in EU law, such as data protection and financial market law, the proposed network is to consist of an agency at the EU level, the new European Artificial Intelligence Board (EAIB), as well as supervisory authorities located at the national level. These regulatory and supervisory administrative structures can be identified as a part of the success story described as the "Brussels effects", where EU regulatory regimes on data protection have had a global impact. However effective, can a network of independent supervisory authorities be trusted to effectively monitor the use of developing AI systems and at the same time balance the benefits and risk of the new technologies with the fundamental rights of privacy, data protection, freedom of information, and non-discrimination?  Considering the largely unknown, dynamic character of AI, the central democratic function of freedom of information, and the individual right to privacy and data protection, the question must be asked if there is a limit to how much power it is reasonable to bestow on these networks of supervisory authorities. Since the focus of the paper is on administrative supervision, the AI proposal relating to law enforcement will not be included in the analysis.

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• The European Strategy for Data and Trust in EU Governance. The Case of Access to Publicly Held Data

  2023. Jane Reichel. CERIDAP 2023 (4), 129-158

  Artikel

  In its European Strategy for Data, the Commission presents its ideas on how the EU can create a «single European data space». The plan is to make the EU a leader in a data-driven society. By creating a single market for data, it will allow it to flow freely within the EU and across sectors for the benefit of businesses, researchers, and public administrations. One central factor in the European data space is putting in place clear and trustworthy data governance mechanisms. Focusing on publicly held data, the administrative structures in the Open Data Directive, the Data Governance Act (DGA), and the first sectoral data space proposed, the European Health Data Space (EHDS), are analyzed. The question posed in the article is whether the administrative structure that has been developed in the EU for the last decades, the European composite administration, is well placed to fulfil the ideal of clear and trustworthy data governance.

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• The Transparency Paradox: questioning an ideal, by Ida Koivisto, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2022

  2023. Jane Reichel. Review of European Administrative Law 16 (3), 161-167

  Artikel

  Transparency is today a central legal concept in many - if not most – national and international legal orders, and a concept that is widely discussed in legal doctrine. Yet, in the book The Transparency Paradox. Questioning an ideal, Ida Koivisto brings new fuel to the discussion on the concept of transparency and its role and function in the legal culture of the society today. The trigger for conducting the investigation, Koivisto explains, is the notion that the contemporary perception of ‘the transparency turn’ in national and international law has occurred without sufficient conceptual analysis. Foremost, it is the argument that transparency promises legitimacy that is critically assessed, namely the presumption that ‘when we can witness with our own eyes what is happening in the chambers of power, we can control it and, when needed, even overthrow it’. In the book, Koivisto dissembles this argument step by step via what is referred to as the Truth-legitimacy trade off; contrary to common beliefs, transparency cannot deliver both.

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• EU-domstolens dom C-439/19 B EU:C:2021:1054 (Stora Avdelningen): utrymmet att behandla personuppgifter om lagöverträdelser i allmänna handlingar som hålls tillgängliga för allmänheten

  2022. Jane Reichel. Förvaltningsrättslig Tidskrift (1), 117-130

  Artikel

  I juni 2021 prövade EU-domstolen för första gången utrymmet att väga in intresset av informationsfrihet och offentlighet i bedömningen om en personuppgiftsbehandling om lagöverträdelser i allmänt tillgänglig information är tillåten, enligt artikel 85 och 86 i EU:s allmänna dataskyddsförordning,GDPR. EU-domstolen fann för det första att de administrativa överträdelserna föll inom tillämpningsområdet för artikel 10 GDPR, dvs. att de skulle klassificeras som ”lagöverträdelser som innefattar brott”. Vidare fann EU-domstolen att trafiksäkerhet visserligen var ett sådant allmänt intresse som kundemotivera behandling av personuppgifter om lagöverträdelser, men att den aktuella lagstiftningen inte var proportionerligt utformad. 

  I rättsfallskommentaren analyseras målet i två led. Den första frågan som ställs är vad betyder för utvecklingen av en europeisk förvaltningsrätt inom området för administrativa sanktioner. Den andra frågan,som ges ett större utrymme, behandlar vad domen betyder för tillämpningen av GDPR inom tryckfrihetsförordningens (TF:s) och yttrandefrihetsgrundlagens (YGL:s) tillämpningsområde. Vid analysen av den andra frågan beaktas det liggande förslaget till reformen av grundlagarna, där vissa former av personuppgiftsbehandlingen om fällande domar i brottmål och lagöverträdelsersom innefattar brott lyfts ut från grundlagsskyddet och istället kan regleras ivanlig lag. Är reformen tillräcklig för att göra svensk lag förenlig med GDPR?

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• Etik som rättsligt verktyg? Etikprövning av forskning som rättslig skyddsåtgärd för enskilda

  2022. Sophie Pagil, Jane Reichel, Santa Slokenberga. Nordisk socialrättslig tidskrift 31-32, 39-70

  Artikel

  Ethical review has in recent decades played an increasingly prominent role in the research community. In addition to the main function of the ethics review – to assess the benefits and risks of a planned research project – a further function has become increasingly important, namely ethical review as a tool for legal protection. International, European and Swedish fundamental rights documents entail a right to privacy (both physical and personal integrity) and the right to data protection. There are two internationally recognized safeguards to implement these rights in the field of scientific research: the requirement for informed consent and ethical review. The article analyzes the legal structure for ethical review in Swedish law, taking its departure in a matter decided by the Ethics Review Authority and the Board of Appeal for Ethics Review in 2020, where a research project was considered to fall outside the scope of the Ethics Review Act, after a narrow interpretation of relevant legal concepts. Based on an analysis of the phenomenon of juridification, the question is asked whether the Swedish ethics review is designed to provide adequate access to ethical review for research, while at the same time providing effective legal protection for research participants. The conclusion drawn is that the ethical review ought to be handled as an ethical tool, rather than a legal one. Focus ought to be placed on the ethical balancing of the benefits of a planned research project against the welfare of the research participants in the individual case, rather than a review of legal particularities.

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• Governing with Public Agencies: The Development of a Global Administrative Space and the Creation of a New Role for Public Agencies

  2022. .

  Bok (red)

  The theme of this anthology is the new role of public agencies within what we have termed a “global administrative space,” a space created through increased collaborations and interconnectedness between global, regional and national public and private actors. Within this space policies are adopted, principles developed, and even law is at times enacted. The role and functions of public agencies have hereby undergone fundamental changes. Public agencies at global, regional and national levels act as stand-in legislators in areas within fundamental rights re- gimes, regulatory frameworks for sector specific areas (financial systems, pharma- ceutical regulations, data protection) as well as fishing and agricultural industries, to name only a few. Also private entities partake, as well as other public actors, such as judicial actors of different kinds. The decision-making capacity, procedures and out-comes vary, as well as the degree of ‘globalisation’. The global administrative space can thereby be identified as either connected to or separated from the national constitutional arenas. The question on the role of the public agencies within the global administrative space is taken on with an exploratory approach, in order to operationalize the concept. The question will be addressed from an international, regional and national level, providing different interpreta- tions in different contexts. Some are projecting future applications, whilst others are taking stakes of current operations.

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• Introduction

  2022. Maria Grahn-Farley, Jane Reichel, Mauro Zamboni. Governing with Public Agencies, 11-16

  Kapitel

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• Swedish Constitutional Response to the Coronavirus Crisis The Odd One Out?

  2022. Julia Dahlqvist, Jane Reichel. Pandemocracy in Europe, 135-154

  Kapitel

  The Swedish response to the coronavirus crisis has, at least initially, deviated from those in most other comparable countries and the Swedish strategy has gained attention worldwide. Only a few binding restrictive measures have been enacted and the Swedish model has, at least initially, been to mostly rely on informal and voluntary measures based on recommendations from the Public Health Agency (PHA). No lockdowns, as in mass quarantines or stay-at-home orders, or mandatory mask wearing have, as of February 2021, been introduced. However, during the ‘second wave’ of the pandemic, in Autumn 2020, the strategy somewhat changed and new restrictions have gradually been introduced. The development brought to light the need for new legislative tools and at the beginning of 2021 the Swedish Parliament, the Riksdag, enacted the temporary COVID-19 Act, delegating further powers to the Government. It may be submitted that the constitutional framework, in essence, has been respected. However, the strong position of Swedish public authorities in the area of communicable diseases, together with the vast delegation of powers to the Government, has in practice impacted on the traditional division of tasks for implementing policies in a manner unprecedented in modern Swedish constitutional history.

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• Ensuring the Principle of Good Administration in the EU Financial Market Law

  2021. Jane Reichel. Legal Accountability in EU Markets for Financial Instruments, 126-157

  Kapitel

  This chapter examines how the principle of good administration can be used as an accountability tool within the composite administrative structure of EU financial market law. Composite administrative procedures are not new in EU secondary law, and are well known in the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (ECJ). But financial market law differs from traditional composite administrative procedures in that it does not merely link decision-making, but also aspires to establish a common supervisory culture. Supervision in its entirety, here, is shared between EU and member state bodies, both in regards to factual administration, and decision-making procedure in individual cases, where different parts of the administrative decision-making procedure are taking place within different jurisdictions, European and national. Since the financial crisis at the end of the first decade of this millennium, a coherent and efficient supervision of the integrated European financial market has, in itself, been identified as an overriding aim. However, even though administrative cooperation and composite procedure are regulated in MiFID II and MiFIR, central components of the principle of good administration—for example the duty to care and the right to be heard—are not addressed in these acts. 

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• Europeisk förvaltningsrätt i Sverige

  2021. Henrik Wenander, Jane Reichel.

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• Introduction

  2021. Santa Slokenberga, Olga Tzortzatou, Jane Reichel. GDPR and Biobanking, 1-7

  Kapitel

  The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is already four years old legal instrument, with over two years of practical experience, yet, several central questions on its application, its importance in scientific research, rights of the data subjects, and obligations on the controllers and processors remain uncharted. In this edited volume, questions ranging from the meaning of the GDPR provisions for a particular research project to impact of the GDPR on long term collaborations, when the UK is leaving the EU are is discussed. This chapter sets out the aim of this book and provides an overview of how various contributions interplay to shed light on how the GDPR shapes the research regimes on the use of personal data in biobanking by EU Member States.

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• Introduction

  2019. Russell L. Weaver, Jane Reichel. Comparative Perspectives on Privacy in an Internet Era, xiii-xviii

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• Övningsbok för svensk juridik

  2019. Mats Persson (et al.).

  Bok

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