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Introduktion till sociologi - att tänka sociologiskt, 2,5 hp

Kursen introducerar ämnet sociologi som ett vetenskapligt ämne och hur sociologiska frågeställningar formuleras och besvaras.

Makt och social skiktning, 7,5 hp

Kursen exemplifierar sociologi som vetenskapligt ämne med ett studium av makt och social skiktning. Socialstratifiering och makt har utgjort ett centralt forskningsfält inom sociologi ända sedan ämnet etablerades som en akademisk disciplin. Kursen introducerar grundläggande sociologisk teori och empiri gällande makt och social skiktning. Särskild uppmärksamhet ägnas betydelsen av klass, kön och etnicitet för livschanser och fördelning av maktresurser.

 

Avancerad nivå

Sociala nätverk 7,5 hp
Genom att använda ett nätverksperspektiv flyttas fokus för sociala analyser från de sociala aktörerna själva till de relationer som förbinder dem. Kursen ger en introduktion till modern nätverksanalys och omfattar en översikt av teoretisk och metodologisk litteratur inom detta område samt datorbaserade övningar.

Modeller av social stabilitet och social förändring 7,5 hp

Denna kurs ger en kritisk fördjupad överblick över hur matematiska modeller och simuleringsmodeller kan användas för att modellera och analysera social förändring och social stabilitet.

 

I urval från Stockholms universitets publikationsdatabas

• Nontrivial resource requirement in the early stage for containment of epidemics

  2019. Xiaolong Chen (et al.). Physical review. E 100 (3)

  Artikel

  During epidemic control, containment of the disease is usually achieved through increasing a devoted resource to reduce the infectiousness. However, the impact of this resource expenditure has not been studied quantitatively. For disease spread, the recovery rate can be positively correlated with the average amount of resource devoted to infected individuals. By incorporating this relation we build a novel model and find that insufficient resource leads to an abrupt increase in the infected population size, which is in marked contrast with the continuous phase transitions believed previously. Counterintuitively, this abrupt phase transition is more pronounced in less contagious diseases. Furthermore, we find that even for a single infection source, the public resource needs to be available in a significant amount, which is proportional to the total population size, to ensure epidemic containment. Our findings provide a theoretical foundation for efficient epidemic containment strategies in the early stage.

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• Identification of influential spreaders in complex networks

  2010. Maksim Kitsak (et al.). Nature Physics 6 (11), 888-893

  Artikel

  Networks portray a multitude of interactions through which people meet, ideas are spread and infectious diseases propagate within a society(1-5). Identifying the most efficient 'spreaders' in a network is an important step towards optimizing the use of available resources and ensuring the more efficient spread of information. Here we show that, in contrast to common belief, there are plausible circumstances where the best spreaders do not correspond to the most highly connected or the most central people(6-10). Instead, we find that the most efficient spreaders are those located within the core of the network as identified by the k-shell decomposition analysis(11-13), and that when multiple spreaders are considered simultaneously the distance between them becomes the crucial parameter that determines the extent of the spreading. Furthermore, we show that infections persist in the high-k shells of the network in the case where recovered individuals do not develop immunity. Our analysis should provide a route for an optimal design of efficient dissemination strategies.

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• Exploiting Temporal Network Structures of Human Interaction to Effectively Immunize Populations

  2012. Sungmin Lee (et al.). PLoS ONE 7 (5), e36439

  Artikel

  Decreasing the number of people who must be vaccinated to immunize a community against an infectious disease could both save resources and decrease outbreak sizes. A key to reaching such a lower threshold of immunization is to find and vaccinate people who, through their behavior, are more likely than average to become infected and to spread the disease further. Fortunately, the very behavior that makes these people important to vaccinate can help us to localize them. Earlier studies have shown that one can use previous contacts to find people that are central in static contact networks. However, real contact patterns are not static. In this paper, we investigate if there is additional information in the temporal contact structure for vaccination protocols to exploit. We answer this affirmative by proposing two immunization methods that exploit temporal correlations and showing that these methods outperform a benchmark static-network protocol in four empirical contact datasets under various epidemic scenarios. Both methods rely only on obtainable, local information, and can be implemented in practice. For the datasets directly related to contact patterns of potential disease spreading ( of sexually-transmitted and nosocomial infections respectively), the most efficient protocol is to sample people at random and vaccinate their latest contacts. The network datasets are temporal, which enables us to make more realistic evaluations than earlier studies-we use only information about the past for the purpose of vaccination, and about the future to simulate disease outbreaks. Using analytically tractable models, we identify two temporal structures that explain how the protocols earn their efficiency in the empirical data. This paper is a first step towards real vaccination protocols that exploit temporal-network structure-future work is needed both to characterize the structure of real contact sequences and to devise immunization methods that exploit these.

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• Finding a better immunization strategy

  2008. Y Chen (et al.). Phys Rev Lett 101 (5)

  Artikel

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• Birth and death of links control disease spreading in empirical contact networks

  2014. Petter Holme, Fredrik Liljeros. Scientific Reports 4, 4999

  Artikel

  We investigate what structural aspects of a collection of twelve empirical temporal networks of human contacts are important to disease spreading. We scan the entire parameter spaces of the two canonical models of infectious disease epidemiology-the Susceptible-Infectious-Susceptible (SIS) and Susceptible-Infectious-Removed (SIR) models. The results from these simulations are compared to reference data where we eliminate structures in the interevent intervals, the time to the first contact in the data, or the time from the last contact to the end of the sampling. The picture we find is that the birth and death of links, and the total number of contacts over a link, are essential to predict outbreaks. On the other hand, the exact times of contacts between the beginning and end, or the interevent interval distribution, do not matter much. In other words, a simplified picture of these empirical data sets that suffices for epidemiological purposes is that links are born, is active with some intensity, and die.

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• Identifying asymptomatic spreaders of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in hospital settings

  2021. Sen Pei, Fredrik Liljeros, Jeffrey Shaman. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 118 (37)

  Artikel

  Antimicrobial-resistant organisms (AMROs) can colonize people without symptoms for long periods of time, during which these agents can spread unnoticed to other patients in healthcare systems. The accurate identification of asymptomatic spreaders of AMRO in hospital settings is essential for supporting the design of interventions against healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). However, this task remains challenging because of limited observations of colonization and the complicated transmission dynamics occurring within hospitals and the broader community. Here, we study the transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a prevalent AMRO, in 66 Swedish hospitals and healthcare facilities with inpatients using a data-driven, agent-based model informed by deidentified real-world hospitalization records. Combining the transmission model, patient-to-patient contact networks, and sparse observations of colonization, we develop and validate an individual-level inference approach that estimates the colonization probability of individual hospitalized patients. For both model-simulated and historical outbreaks, the proposed method supports the more accurate identification of asymptomatic MRSA carriers than other traditional approaches. In addition, in silica control experiments indicate that interventions targeted to inpatients with a high-colonization probability outperform heuristic strategies informed by hospitalization history and contact tracing.

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• Dynamic contact networks of patients and MRSA spread in hospitals

  2020. Luis E. C. Rocha (et al.). Scientific Reports 10 (1)

  Artikel

  Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a difficult-to-treat infection. Increasing efforts have been taken to mitigate the epidemics and to avoid potential outbreaks in low endemic settings. Understanding the population dynamics of MRSA is essential to identify the causal mechanisms driving the epidemics and to generalise conclusions to different contexts. Previous studies neglected the temporal structure of contacts between patients and assumed homogeneous behaviour. We developed a high-resolution data-driven contact network model of interactions between 743,182 patients in 485 hospitals during 3,059 days to reproduce the exact contact sequences of the hospital population. Our model captures the exact spatial and temporal human contact behaviour and the dynamics of referrals within and between wards and hospitals at a large scale, revealing highly heterogeneous contact and mobility patterns of individual patients. A simulation exercise of epidemic spread shows that heterogeneous contacts cause the emergence of super-spreader patients, slower than exponential polynomial growth of the prevalence, and fast epidemic spread between wards and hospitals. In our simulated scenarios, screening upon hospital admittance is potentially more effective than reducing infection probability to reduce the final outbreak size. Our findings are useful to understand not only MRSA spread but also other hospital-acquired infections.

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Visa alla publikationer av Fredrik Liljeros vid Stockholms universitet