To obtain a Doctoral degree, the PhD candidate must:
- have a broad knowledge and systematic understanding of the research field as well as deep and up-to-date special knowledge of a limited part of the research field
- have an intimate understanding of scientific methods in general and of the methods of the specific research field in particular
- have the ability to carry out scientific analysis and synthesis and scientific critical investigation and assessment of new and complex phenomena and approaches to problem solving
- have the ability to identify and formulate problems critically, independently, creatively and accurately and to plan and describe with adequate methods research and other advanced tasks within given deadlines and to examine and evaluate such work
- show in a dissertation the ability to make a real contribution through one’s own research to the development of knowledge
- have the ability in both national and international contexts, in speech and in writing, to present and discuss with authority research and research results in a dialogue with the scientific community and society in general
- have the ability to identify the need for further knowledge
- be in a position to contribute to societal development and to support other people’s learning in research and education as well as in other advanced professional contexts
- show intellectual independence and scientific competence as well as the ability to make ethical judgements in the field of research
- have deep insight into the possibilities and limitations of science, its role in society and personal responsibility for how it is used.